Abstract5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is considered to be an important building block for biorefineries and has a high potential for the production of chemicals and fuels. Production of HMF from glucose was studied using phosphoric acid as catalyst, in a water:acetone system with volume ratio of 1:2 and NaCl. An experimental design was applied to examine the influence of temperature, time and concentration of catalyst on the HMF yield. HMF yields of more than 50 % were obtained when using 200 ºC, 8.4 min and 0.8% of catalyst. The temperature is the main factor influencing the HMF yield.

Abstract 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a key renewable platform compound for production of fuels and chemical intermediates. The production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from fructose dehydration was studied using H3PO4 as catalyst, in organic/water system with different solvents (acetone, 2-butanol and ethyl ether). The effect of fructose concentration, temperature and acid concentration was investigated in acetone/water medium. The increase in fructose concentration favors the formation of condensation products and rehydration products are favored at high acid concentration. The solvents exhibited similar performance when the volume ratio of organic to aqueous phase was 1:1, but when this ratio increases to 2:1, the HMF yield obtained with ether was much lower. NaCl addition to the aqueous phase promoted the extraction of HMF to the organic phase, with an HMF yield of 80% in the case of 2:1 acetone/water medium.

Manganita de lantânio dopada com estrôncio (LSM) e cromita (LSC) em pó, bem como as correspondentes amostras não dopadas, foram sintetizadas pelo método de combustão, usando dois diferentes combustíveis (ureia e glicina). A ignição da mistura reacional com ureia leva mais tempo e a temperatura máxima é maior do que usando glicina, para as amostras dopadas. Os cálculos teóricos de calor de reação e temperatura de chama adiabática indicam condições favoráveis à combustão. No entanto, a calcinação é uma etapa essencial para uma boa cristalização da fase perovskita. Os padrões de difração de raios X mostraram a formação apenas da fase perovskita para as amostras sintetizadas com uréia. Os tamanhos de cristalitos estão na faixa de 19-25 nm, com valores menores quando a ureia é usada como combustível. Análises de microscopia eletrônica de varredura mostraram a presença de aglomerados, formados por partículas finas de diferentes formas. A análise termogravimétrica revelou que a perda de peso é muito maior para as manganitas, com queima completa dos orgânicos em 850-900 ºC.

Lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM) and chromite (LSC) powders, as well as the corresponding non-doped samples, were synthesized by the combustion method, using two different fuels (urea and glycine). The ignition of the reagent mixture with urea takes a longer time and the maximum temperature is higher than using glycine, for doped samples. The theoretical calculations of exothermic heat and adiabatic flame temperatures indicate favorable conditions for combustion to occur. However, calcination is an essential step for a good crystallization of perovskite phase. X-ray diffraction patterns showed formation of only perovskite phase for the samples synthesized with urea. The crystallite sizes are in the range of 19-25 nm, with smaller values when urea was used as fuel. Scanning electron microscopy showed the presence of agglomerates, formed by fine particles of different shapes. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the weight loss is much higher for manganites, with complete burn out of organics at 850-900 ºC.